Digital nomads wish to exchange the nation state—is there a darker aspect to this quest for international freedom?

A ‘community state’ is ideologically aligned however geographically decentralized. The individuals are unfold around the globe in clusters of various dimension, however their hearts are in a single place.

In June 2022 Balaji Srinivasan, former chief expertise officer of the Coinbase cryptocurrency trade, revealed an e book entitled The Community State: How To Begin a New Nation. It’s the newest in a flurry of utopian visions by self-styled digital visionaries, crypto believers and internet 3.0 evangelists who’re lining as much as declare the loss of life of the standard idea of nations and nationhood.

In a single case, a brand new “digital” nation is already in improvement. “The nation state is outdated—it is primarily based on Nineteenth-century considering, and we goal to upend all of that,” Lauren Razavi tells me over Zoom from a bustling co-working area.

Razavi is the manager director of Plumia, a self-proclaimed “moonshot mission” to construct an web nation for digital nomads. Born in Britain to an Iranian immigrant, Razavi sees herself as untethered and borderless, and likens nationwide citizenship and tax to a “subscription” that may be very exhausting to cancel.

“We’re all enrolled into this computerized subscription primarily based on the coincidence of our birthplace or our heritage, and that actually would not work within the twenty first century.”

Freedom for everybody?

As an anthropologist, I’ve been chronicling the digital nomad life-style for the previous seven years. Pre-pandemic, the favored stereotype was of a carefree millennial who had escaped the every day grind to journey the world with out hindrance, engaged on a laptop computer in some far-flung seaside cafe with their solely limitation being the standard of the wifi.

As way back as 2015, I used to be listening to recurring complaints from these nomads concerning the ideological and sensible frictions that nation states pose—it simply hadn’t organized itself right into a motion but.

For some time, COVID-19 appeared to place the brakes on the nomadic dream, as most had been compelled to move dwelling to western nations and the protection web of healthcare programs. But now, the distant working revolution triggered by the pandemic has given this borderless life-style “mission” a brand new impetus.

Earlier than COVID struck, 12% of staff within the US labored remotely full time, and 5% within the UK. However the pandemic rapidly proved distant work was potential for a lot of extra individuals. Office norms toppled like dominos: the workplace, in-person conferences and the every day commute fell first. Nations corresponding to Barbados, Estonia and Portugal began issuing distant work visas to encourage geographically versatile workers to relocate to their territories. “Zoom cities” are one other pattern, with cities corresponding to Augusta, Maine within the US providing monetary sweeteners to draw distant staff.

Having consigned the workplace to the trash, it is sensible that the nation state is the following establishment that digital nomads wish to recycle. To Razavi, membership of a nation state “affords extremely poor worth … The elements which can be actually caught up to now embody citizenship, passports and tax. Our imaginative and prescient is to add the nation state to the cloud.”

The idea of making an web nation was dreamt up throughout an organization hackathon. Plumia is owned and staffed by Security Wing, an HQ-less insurance coverage firm which sells journey and well being cowl to digital nomads and distant working groups (tagline: “Insurance coverage for nomads by nomads”). Security Wing, in line with its homepage, is “right here to take away the function of geographical borders as a barrier to equal alternatives and freedom for everybody.”

However the realities of life as a digital nomad, and the dream of shedding your nationality for a borderless, paperless model, are filled with day-to-day issues, as I’ve found—notably if you don’t belong to the younger, white and western stereotype that the media tends to perpetuate.

Turning into a digital nomad

I first heard about digital nomads in 2015 whereas chatting to Thom*, a seasoned traveler in Koh Phangan. Thom was neither expat nor vacationer, and barely appeared to return dwelling. I requested him how individuals survived whereas consistently touring. He had a laundry record of issues, from hassles subletting his house in Hamburg to his financial institution stalking him for a everlasting deal with, and the hell of navigating visa guidelines.

Later within the dialog, he paused and declared, “You are speaking about digital nomads—I am unable to imagine you have by no means heard of them!” Laughing, he defined, “It is somebody a bit like me however who thinks the underside layer of Maslow’s hierarchy of wants is quick wifi as an alternative of shelter. There is a digital nomad convention taking place in Bangkok in just a few months. Let’s go.”

How digital nomads see themselves:

Two months later, I used to be strolling up Rangnam Street in Bangkok on a moist morning, on the lookout for the DNX convention. Simply off the airplane and scuffling with jetlag, I visited a espresso store and overheard two German males discussing the convention. Fabian, who was wearing camo cargo shorts and a black T-shirt, advised me he was giving the keynote speech. He deliberate to share his experiences of driving throughout Africa enjoying guitar for charity, and of establishing a borderless tech start-up whereas touring by means of South America.

On the convention venue I discovered crowds of individuals checking-in utilizing Eventbrite apps. Lanyards with the slogan “I CHOOSE FREEDOM” had been handed out. At this stage, I did not query what sort of freedom.

Most attendees had been casually dressed males from the worldwide north of their 20s and 30s. Though most carried small backpacks, nobody seemed like a backpacker. The lads had been in shorts and navy or khaki polo shirts. The few ladies current wore impartial sundresses. Nobody would have seemed misplaced in a enterprise assembly in a world resort foyer.

Digital nomads vigorously differentiate themselves from vacationers and backpackers. One nomad advised me, “I might be bored shitless if I hung round on the seaside all day getting stoned.” Nonetheless, these two tribes usually collide in areas like Ko Pha Ngan or Chiang Mai in Thailand.

Talks on the convention usually repeated the phrase “freedom.” Freedom to reside and work wherever, freedom from the rat race, entrepreneurial freedom, freedom to take management of your life and future. Different well-worn themes included “life hacks” enabling nomadic companies to operate effectively on the transfer, the function of co-working areas, and inspirational travelogs.

Within the convention introduction by DNX founders Marcus Meurer and Feli Hargarten (additionally recognized, respectively, as Sonic Blue and Yara Pleasure), a YouTube video entitled The Rise of Lowsumerism was performed. The video claimed that extreme consumerism was being changed by a superior sharing economic system which “prioritizes entry over possession.” That is what Razavi now calls subscription residing.

Regardless of the video’s critique of “senseless consumerism,” it used a visible fashion that might have been promoting luxurious flats. All of it sounded enjoyable and costly. The video ended with the phrase: “Earth is just not a large purchasing heart.” The convention was hosted in a mall.

Some talks received into the gritty trivialities of worldwide residing in stunning element. Natalie Sissons, whose private model is The Suitcase Entrepreneur, used her presenting slot to share her digital productiveness methods, projecting her yearly schedule on the huge convention display. She defined how her digital calendar app, Calendly, routinely translated timezones, flattening nationwide time variations into international, bookable and productive assembly slots and tasks. She was additionally a frisbee champion and beloved doing handstands.

Then got here Fabian Dittrich’s keynote. He was billed as a touring tech entrepreneur, walked on stage nonetheless wearing shorts and a T-shirt, and was honest and intense. He recounted how his college careers adviser advised him he wanted to “slot in like an adjusted citizen”—however that he “rejected the system and a well-paid job in London [because] it was a workstyle, not a life-style.” He linked this dissatisfaction with workplace life to his rejection of his nationwide id.

Each Dittrich and Sissons gave the impression to be residing incarnations of the approach to life extolled by Tim Ferriss in his seminal 2004 self-help e-book, The 4-Hour Work Week. Their logic pathologised the workplace and the nation state—each had been solid as threats to untethered freedom.

Within the closing part of the convention, Dittrich turned his anger straight on the nation state. He clicked to a PowerPoint slide 25-feet extensive which parodied the Ascent of Man. His visible depicted human evolution from an ape to a digitally liberated human withdrawing, presenting digital nomadism as a future trajectory for humanity.

His subsequent slide confirmed two globes: the primary lined with nationwide flags headed “What individuals suppose I’m”; the second with out flags titled “What I actually am.” Dittrich defined that his private id had nothing to do along with his nationality. His efficiency made me consider Diogenes’s proclamation: “I’m a citizen of the world.” The viewers erupted into applause.

After the principle convention, there have been after-parties and workshops. I discovered that many delegates had been new to the nomad scene. Everybody needed the key method of a blissful life combining work and international journey.

When it was over, in my creativeness, all of the delegates jetted off to their tropical hammocks. I trudged again to the UK winter, my day job, and to my mom’s hospital mattress which I had left 4 days earlier. I discovered her in the identical mattress, recovering from most cancers surgical procedure which had saved her life, supplied by the UK’s Nationwide Well being Service.

Being a nomad will be taxing

It’s apt that the prototype digital state of Plumia is owned by a journey insurance coverage firm. Each digital nomads and skeptics of this life-style agree that challenges to sustaining a nomadic existence are 90% sensible. Visa guidelines, tax obligations and healthcare are frequent nomad ache factors.

Healthcare is the apparent first hurdle. Nomads want insurance coverage that covers them for issues like scooter accidents and patches them up on the street, to allow them to make it again to a co-working area or their subsequent vacation spot. Traditionally, most traditional journey insurance coverage covers a most of 30 days, so for Security Wing, longer-term healthcare and journey insurance coverage for nomads is a spot out there.

Tax planning would not make for horny weblog posts—but it surely did train me loads concerning the struggles of changing into a digital nomad, and what it actually means to be the member of a nation state. I met Ben in a Thai co-working area. He was fresh-faced and idealistic, but additionally harassed and strapped for money.

Ben had left the UK as a backpacker, staying in Australia below the working vacation visa program the place he labored on a sheep farm within the outback. Uninterested in nothing to do within the evenings, he stumbled throughout a digital nomad weblog promising a lifetime of journey, work and freedom. When Ben left the farm to backpack with mates, his thoughts saved returning to that weblog which stated “earn cash while touring the world.” He advised me: “All my mates needed to do was get drunk within the subsequent hostel. They knew they’d run out of cash and must go dwelling. I noticed I might proceed touring while working, as an alternative of going dwelling broke and having to search for a job.”

Ben headed to a co-working area in Thailand and taught himself web site design. However the Australian authorities was pursuing him for unpaid taxes as a result of he had overstayed his visa whereas working. Sadly, one tax woe led to a different.

Confronted with the dilemma of paying the Australian authorities or risking not with the ability to go to his girlfriend in Sydney, he used his new design abilities to earn some cash. He had befriended the house owners of a Thai guesthouse and advised them he might create an affordable web site for them. The house owners “had been delighted,” however the supervisor of the Thai co-working area discovered and advised Ben it was unlawful for somebody on a vacationer visa to work straight with Thai purchasers. If the co-working area was discovered to be internet hosting unlawful staff, they may very well be prosecuted and shut down.

To turn out to be efficiently “free,” digital nomads should turn out to be specialists in maintaining forward of state bureaucracies. Most study the exhausting means after they run into bother. Earlier than the pandemic, Thailand appeared like the right digital nomad location as a result of its Instagram-worthy seashores, quick web and low value of residing. Think about Ferriss’s 4-Hour Work Week merged with Alex Garland’s The Seaside, solely with a special ending.

But visa guidelines and employee protections in Thailand are strict, if not all the time rigorously enforced. Round 2018, the Thai state turned acutely conscious and suspicious of digital nomads. In reply to the query “can digital nomads work in Thailand with no work allow?”, a Thai authorized web site acknowledged: “With the intention to work within the kingdom, a foreigner must: be on an acceptable visa, acquire a piece allow, and pay taxes.” The web site went on to query the very that means of labor: “What is figure? A digital nomad engaged on his laptop computer in a co-working area, is that thought of work? A businessman sitting in his resort room making ready for a seminar? When does the Work Allow workplace take into account this to be work? This can be a exhausting query to reply with an easy sure or no.”

For Ben and different fledgling digital nomads, tax and office protections had been the rug-pull that triggered their digital nomad dream to topple. Many nomads surrender at this stage. For others, nevertheless, the digital nomad dream can turn out to be a recurring nightmare.

The roots of digital nomadism

One key part of digital nomadism is the idea of “geoarbitrage”, which is a elaborate time period for wielding a western wage in a lower-cost, growing nation. Some of us discover the thought unethical however for entrepreneurs having to attend tables whereas bootstrapping a enterprise, it is sensible to reside someplace cheaper than the Valley, London or New York.

Geoarbitrage was popularized by Ferriss in his e-book and to some, the e-book summarized all the things that was proper with globalization: the concept all the world ought to function as an open, free market. To others, it pointed to a nightmare.

Within the wake of Ferriss’s e-book and in addition Digital Nomad by Japanese technologist Tsugio Makimoto—who’s broadly credited with coining the time period—digital nomads gravitated to tropical areas with decrease residing prices. Thailand and Bali had been early hotspots however digital nomads aren’t sentimental. If a greater place affords the best mixture of welcoming visas and low residing prices, or catches the eye for another motive—as El Salvador did in 2021 by changing into the primary nation to categorise Bitcoin authorized forex—digital nomads are prone to seem, with carry-on baggage.

To outlive as a nomad requires ability, tenacity and the privilege of holding a “sturdy” passport, some extent that Razavi has highlighted on Plumia’s Twitter feed: “A passport is now not a bodily doc however a set of rights and inequalities programmed into a pc. To me, meaning that is the second the place this has to alter. In a world of distant work, this is not sensible in any way.”

Vacationer visas are sometimes brief, so nomads touring on them want to alter location commonly, generally as continuously as each two weeks. Some do visa runs to the closest border (to increase their visas) or depart and apply for longer-term customer visas. However this implies extra journey and disrupts work routines. Established nomads usually clarify how they’ve discovered from previous errors. As they turn out to be extra street savvy, they decelerate their journey patterns, refine their tax and visa preparations, and ensure they don’t seem to be worrying about breaking native immigration legal guidelines.

Juggling work and journey is each a dream and a headache. A excessive proportion of nomads I’ve met abruptly disappear from the scene, and their social media posts about nomading stop. But that does not cease the following era of dreamers turning up in Bali and Chiang Mai. And no dream, maybe, was extra alluring than the follow of “dropshipping.” It is also vastly controversial—even in nomad circles.

The darker aspect of digital nomadism

Between 2016 and 2018, “dropshipping” was the preferred get-rich-quick scheme I got here throughout in Chiang Mai. This on-line enterprise mannequin entails individuals advertising and promoting merchandise they could by no means have seen, produced in nations they could by no means go to, to clients they are going to by no means meet. The merchandise are sometimes area of interest objects corresponding to kitchen devices or pet equipment.

Usually, dropshippers promote their merchandise on social media and promote them through Amazon, eBay, or by creating their very own on-line shops utilizing software program corresponding to Shopify. Dropshipping is catnip to aspiring digital nomads as a result of it’s borderless and affords the promise of “passive earnings.” As one nomad defined to me, “why would not you wish to earn cash when you sleep?”

However many dedicated digital nomads hate this darker aspect of digital nomadism. Each Razavi and Pieter Ranges, creator of the web site nomadlist.com, have declared that dropshipping is “bullshit.” One other British expat described it as “the snake oil that greased the wheels of a thousand start-ups in Chiang Mai.”

Younger nomads usually confided to me that they had been perfecting their dropshipping enterprise mannequin. Some confirmed me spreadsheets displaying greater than US$5,000 a month of passive earnings. However I additionally discovered extra concerning the emotional and financial prices.

At one unofficial dropshipper meet-up in Chiang Mai in 2018, I used to be advised that in the event you needed to be actually profitable, you needed to turn out to be knowledgeable at manipulating large e-commerce platforms corresponding to Amazon and eBay. Some talked about attempting to evade native well being and security legal guidelines when promoting area of interest merchandise like kitchen devices whereas tapping right into a pool of worldwide low-cost labor.

Competing with different sellers who troll you with dangerous opinions was a darkish artwork, I found. Two males confided that their Amazon vendor accounts had been suspended after being accused of posting suspicious opinions. A number of admitted they’d received mates to review-bomb their rivals.

These dropshippers feared Amazon’s algorithms greater than border and customs inspections. Manipulating its evaluate system was notably tough as a result of, in line with Larry, an ex-marine who manufactured his personal “high secret” product in China (dropshippers hardly ever share what their area of interest merchandise are), “Amazon processes and algorithms appear to know all the things.”

“They know in case your cousin offers your product a five-star evaluate,” Ted added. Everybody nodded vigorously.

Each dropshipper promoting on Amazon.com (its US area) complained about Proposition 65, an inventory of poisonous chemical compounds regulated in California which can be broadly utilized in Chinese language plastic manufacturing. Some had complete product classes (their complete “vendor itemizing”) deleted in California. These battles with native legal guidelines and tech giants present how the traces between nation states and companies can turn out to be blurry for digital nomads. Or as Ted put it: “Fuck the west coast. You are caught between well being and security and the tech giants.”

Amazon may be very clear about its dropshipping coverage: “We don’t permit a 3rd celebration to satisfy orders from different retailers on a vendor’s behalf, until the Amazon vendor of document is clearly recognized on the packaging,” a spokesperson advised me. “Our insurance policies additionally prohibit opinions abuse.”

Pete, a dropshipping veteran utilizing a number of platforms, advised the Chiang Mai meet-up that he had greater than US$10,000 price of inventory “at sea or in transit” and had constructed his personal e-commerce retailer. He additionally hinted that he would flip a blind eye to the potential of baby labor. “I am getting extra concerned with the manufacturing,” he half-whispered to the room. “I despatched an agent to examine how issues had been going, and I heard that youngsters had been packing the orders.” One other dropshipper chipped in: “Properly, it’s China … what are you able to do?” Half the room shrugged.

Some dropshippers bragged to me about hacking into the worldwide pool of low-cost, educated digital assistants (VAs)—usually from the Philippines the place English is broadly spoken. Zena, who offered dwelling decor to a “design-savvy clientele again within the US,” defined how “Instagram was her killer gross sales funnel,” however that she quickly realized “I used to be killing myself between the order fulfilments and socials [social media posts]”.

So Zena discovered a VA residing on the outskirts of Manila and outsourced all the things to her. “[It took] a month to get her totally in control—she has an MBA, her English is nice. The time funding was completely price it; I get all the things performed higher than I might do it myself.”

Zena wouldn’t expose how a lot she paid her VA, in case somebody tried to poach her. Two male dropshippers chipped in. “All of them have MBAs, bro,” one laughed. The opposite added, “Some settle for lower than [US]$500 a month. I’ve heard as little as $250, however that is too low even for me.”

Ranges says dropshipping is a “terribly darkish story,” mentioning that aspiring dropshippers will be victims too. He claimed on Twitter: “What’s dire about dropshipping is that these individuals from poor areas within the US pay hundreds of {dollars} for programs that do not ship.”

Contemporary-faced nomads usually advised me they had been excited to start out on-line programs, however others advised me the content material did not train them a lot. Whereas it is debatable whether or not these programs had been deliberate scams, many younger nomads had been disillusioned to find that dropshipping was a really tough solution to earn cash.

The dropshipping scene in Chiang Mai began to dwindle earlier than the pandemic hit in 2020, with many in search of out new “get wealthy fast” schemes. As one nomad advised me in 2020, “cryptocurrency has stolen the limelight.”

‘A lonely, depressing existence’

The digital nomad on the seaside may need turn out to be a cliche, however what’s to not like about residing and dealing in paradise? Rather a lot in line with Andrew Eager, creator of The Web Is Not The Reply. Eager is essential and dismissive of the digital nomad life-style—and when Razavi interviewed him for a Plumia livestream occasion, the dialog, in Razavi’s phrases, “received salty.”

When Razavi requested Eager about digital nomads and his “views on international mobility,” Eager replied: “I am not in favor of tearing up your passport and being ‘wherever’ … I am fairly essential of this new precariat, the brand new workforce current on so-called sharing platforms like Uber and Lyft to make a residing … I am unsure most individuals wish to be nomads. I feel it is a quite ugly, depressing, lonely existence. The issue is that expertise is pushing us in that means.”

Behind the inspirational blogs and inventory pictures of hammocks, digital nomadism divides choices, usually angrily. Razavi believes mobility is a human proper, whereas Eager believes politics wants locations. This performs out in nationwide politics, too. On the 2016 Conservative Social gathering convention within the UK, the brand new prime minister, Theresa Might, famously declared: “If you’re a citizen of the world, you’re a citizen of nowhere.” It was a battlecry inviting individuals to take sides.

In March 2020, COVID and its related international lockdowns briefly appeared to problem the thought of freely current “past nations.” But now that distant working has been normalized, the digital nomad dream has been supercharged—and each week, a brand new nation or metropolis appears to launch a distant work or digital nomad visa scheme.

In keeping with Razavi, Plumia “are speaking to quite a lot of nations however that is confidential … We’re talking to rising economies.” She does title the federal government of Montenegro, nevertheless: “That one’s fairly public as a result of it is on social media. I see there being alternative there.”

Estonia was the primary nation to pioneer a digital nomad visa. Having solely gained independence in 1991, it has positioned itself as a digital society the place 99% of presidency providers will be accessed on-line. In keeping with Estonian entrepreneur Karoli Hindricks, founding father of Jobbatical, a job-finding service for distant staff: “The place you had been born is sort of a statistical error.”

The concept of making a brand new nation by hacking and reassembling outdated concepts is nothing new, in fact. The Principality of Sealand, positioned on a concrete platform within the North Sea, tried to assert sovereignty in 1967 with blended success. Some digital nomads obsessively analysis maritime regulation, others go on digital nomads cruises. One nomad confided to me that they needed to purchase an island in Brazil.

And whereas the thought of an web nation with none territory, or future plans to assert any, is a radical idea for many, historical past teaches us that concepts, given the best tailwinds, can morph into actuality.

In 1996, for instance, John Perry Barlow revealed A Declaration of the Independence of Our on-line world, wherein he wrote the next missive to “outdated” governments: “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and metal, I come from Our on-line world, the brand new dwelling of Thoughts. On behalf of the long run, I ask you of the previous to depart us alone. You aren’t welcome amongst us. You haven’t any sovereignty the place we collect.”

Inside 4 years the dotcom bubble grew exponentially after which burst—proving each its evangelists and critics proper.

A brand new faith?

I mentioned the place digital nomadism could also be going with the documentary movie director Lena Leonhardt, who like me has spent years chronicling the digital nomad life-style. Her movie Roamers—Comply with Your Likes tells 4 astonishing tales of nomads combining journey, work and chronicling their adventures on social media.

The movie’s primary character is Nuseir Yassin—or Nas Day by day as he’s recognized to his followers, as a result of he made a one-minute movie on a regular basis for 1,000 days whereas touring. In the beginning of the film he’s seen on a stage, urging his viewers to not waste their lives: “I labored as a software program engineer for PayPal however I hated my job and I hated my life.”

Yassin wears a T-shirt with an infographic displaying his life as 33% used-up. “I had this revelation,” he explains. “I’m one-third useless with my life.” The remainder of the movie paperwork how he and different nomads turned their bizarre lives into one thing “fricking unbelievable.”

Leonhardt thinks the digital nomad life-style could have religious or non secular qualities: “Many individuals really feel “I solely have this life and a really brief time, so I’ve to verify this life is price one thing.'”

But there isn’t any doubt the digital nomad life-style is way more durable in the event you do not journey with a “sturdy” passport that enables visa-free journey. If you’re an African girl, for instance, nomadic journey will be tough and hostile.

Agnes Nyamwange, who additionally options within the movie, has a Kenyan passport. Earlier than the pandemic, she was primarily based within the US and “nomaded” in South America from there. Nyamwange defined that holding a Kenyan passport made visas costlier, as visa-free journey is way much less accessible to holders of many African passports.

For the reason that pandemic, touring to the US or Europe has turn out to be nearly unattainable for her. “I needed to go to Europe after they opened up, however the embassies right here stated it was closed for Africans. Not too long ago I simply had the US Embassy telling me they haven’t any appointments accessible till 2024.”

Within the movie, Nyamwange memorably proclaims: “We’re a era of people that imagine in superheroes.” She talks concerning the therapeutic energy of journey. However once I caught up together with her earlier this yr, she revealed the underbelly of nomadism to me: “It is a cultish kind factor. It is not sustainable. It is good to journey from place to put to put to put, however you sort of must have a sustainable life-style for it to be wholesome … 15% of it was actual, the opposite 85% is full junk.”

Nyamwange added that it’s all about “promoting the dream”: “When you get into the digital nomad life-style, you begin understanding Instagram, Snapchat and all these social media programs very properly. However most individuals who painting and inform these tales do not actually reside the lives that they are promoting.”

Regardless of all of the boundaries, Nyamwange continues to be drawn to what she sees because the therapeutic elements of labor and journey. For now although, she travels regionally in Africa, as a result of touring additional “is such a headache.”

Digital nomadism could provide a tough street, however it’s a religious path many wish to take. And believers like Razavi, Srinivasan and legions of different digital nomads will proceed to hunt options to poor-value, inefficient nation states of their quest for a geographically untethered model of freedom.

But for the second at the very least, this kind of freedom is a privilege which largely is determined by your homeland, long-term place of residence, and financial circumstances. Or put one other means, your given nationality.

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